The Cryosphere Discussions
www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net
1994-0432
1994-0440
3
1
2009
10.5194/tcd-3-33-2009
http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/33/2009/
http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/33/2009/tcd-3-33-2009.html
http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/3/33/2009/tcd-3-33-2009.pdf
33
75
2009-01-21
Rapid and accurate measurement of the specific surface area of snow using infrared reflectance at 1310 and 1550 nm
J.-C. Gallet
F. Domine
florent@lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
C. S. Zender
G. Picard
CNRS-INSU, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble I, France
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, USA
Even though the specific surface area (SSA) of snow is a crucial
variable to determine the chemical and climatic impact of the snow
cover, few data are available on snow SSA because current measurement
methods are not simple to use in the field or do not have a sufficient
accuracy. We propose here a novel determination method based on the
measurement of the hemispherical reflectance of snow in the infrared
using the DUFISSS instrument (DUal Frequency Integrating Sphere for
Snow SSA measurement). DUFISSS uses 1310 and 1550 nm radiation
provided by laser diodes, an integrating sphere 15 cm in
diameter, and InGaAs photodiodes. For SSA<60 m<sup>2</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>, we use the 1310 nm radiation,
reflectance is in the range 15 to 50% and the accuracy is
10%. For SSA>60 m<sup>2</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>, snow is usually
of low to very low density (typically 30 to 100 kg m<sup>−3</sup>)
and this produces artifacts caused by the <i>e</i>-folding length of light
in snow being too long. We therefore use 1550 nm radiation for
SSA>60 m<sup>2</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>. Reflectance is then in the
range 5 to 12%, and the accuracy is 12%. No effect of crystal
shape on reflectance was detected. We propose empirical equations to
determine SSA from reflectance at both wavelengths, with that for
1310 nm taking into account the snow density. DUFISSS has been
tested in the Alps to measure the snow area index (SAI) of the Alpine
snowpack in a south facing area at 2100 m elevation. This was
done by measuring the SSA, thickness and density of the seven main
layers of the snowpack in just 30 min, and a value of 5350 was
found, significantly greater than in Arctic and subarctic
regions. DUFISSS can now be used to help study issues related to polar
and Alpine atmospheric chemistry and climate.
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