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<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>The Cryosphere Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1994-0432</issn>
		<eissn>1994-0440</eissn>
		<volume_number>4</volume_number>
		<issue_number>3</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/tcd-4-1391-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/1391/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/1391/2010/tcd-4-1391-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/1391/2010/tcd-4-1391-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1391</start_page>
	<end_page>1431</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-08-25</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Permafrost and surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in Northern Siberia – Part 2: Winter</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Langer</name>
			<email>moritz.langer@awi.de</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Westermann</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Muster</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>K. Piel</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Boike</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg  A43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Permafrost is largely determined by the surface
      energy balance. Its vulnerability to degradation due to climate
      warming depends on complex soil-atmosphere interactions. This article
      is the second part of a comprehensive surface energy balance study at
      a polygonal tundra site in Northern Siberia. It comprises two
      consecutive winter periods from October 2007 to May 2008 and from
      October 2008 to January 2009. The surface energy balance is obtained
      by independent measurements of the radiation budget, the sensible heat
      flux and the ground heat flux, whereas the latent heat flux is
      inferred from measurements of the atmospheric turbulence
      characteristics and a model approach. The measurements reveal that the
      long-wave radiation is the dominant factor in the surface energy
      balance. The radiative losses are balanced to about 60% by the ground
      heat flux and almost 40% by the sensible heat fluxes, whereas the
      contribution of the latent heat flux is found to be relatively
      small. The main controlling factors of the surface energy budget are
      the snow cover, the cloudiness and the soil temperature
      gradient. Significant spatial differences in the surface energy
      balance are observed between the tundra soils and a small pond. The
      heat flux released from the subsurface heat storage is by a factor of
      two increased at the freezing pond during the entire winter period,
      whereas differences in the radiation budget are only observed at the
      end of winter. Inter-annual differences in the surface energy balance
      are related to differences in snow depth, which substantially affect
      the temperature evolution at the investigated pond. The obtained
      results demonstrate the importance of the ground heat flux for the
      soil-atmosphere energy exchange and reveal high spatial and temporal
      variabilities in the subsurface heat budget during winter.</abstract>
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