<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/inc/tcd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>The Cryosphere Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1994-0432</issn>
		<eissn>1994-0440</eissn>
		<volume_number>4</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/tcd-4-381-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/381/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/381/2010/tcd-4-381-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/4/381/2010/tcd-4-381-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>381</start_page>
	<end_page>408</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-03-25</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Comparison of glaciological and volumetric mass balance measurements at Storglaciären, Sweden</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Zemp</name>
			<email>michael.zemp@geo.uzh.ch</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>P. Jansson</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>P. Homlund</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>I. Gärtner-Roer</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. Koblet</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="3">
			<name>P. Thee</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>W. Haeberli</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Seasonal glaciological mass balances have been measured on Storglaciären
without interruption since 1945/46. In addition, aerial surveys have been
carried out on a decadal basis since the beginning of the observation
program. Early studies used the resulting aerial photographs to produce
glaciological maps with which the in-situ observations could be verified.
However, these maps as well as the derived volume changes are subject to
errors which resulted in major differences between the derived volumetric
and the glaciological mass balance. As a consequence, the original
photographs were re-processed using uniform photogrammetric methods, which
resulted in new volumetric mass balances for 1959–1969, 1969–1980, 1980–1990,
and 1990–1999. We compare these new volumetric mass balances with mass
balances obtained by standard glaciological methods including an uncertainty
assessment considering all related previous studies. The absolute
differences between volumetric and the glaciological mass balances are
0.9 m w.e.
 for the period of 1959–1969 and 0.3 m w.e. or less for the other survey
periods. These deviations are slightly reduced when considering corrections
for systematic uncertainties due to differences in survey dates, reference
areas, and internal ablation, whereas internal accumulation systematically
increases the mismatch. However, the mean annual differences between
glaciological and volumetric mass balance are less than the uncertainty of
the in-situ stake reading and, hence, do not require an adjustment of the
glaciological data series.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ahlmann, H. W.: Projet d&apos;un programme de recherché glaciaire, Geogr. Ann., 2(3–4), 313–320, 1929. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Ahlmann, H. W.: Scientific results of the Norwegian-Swedish Spitsbergen Expedition 1934. Part V. The Fourteenth of July Glacier, Geogr. Ann., 17, 167–218, 1935. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Ahlmann, H. W.: Scientific results of the Swedish-Icelandic investigations 1936-37-38. Chapter VII. The regime of Hoffellsjökull, Geogr. Ann., 21, 177–188, 1939. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Ahlmann, H. W.: Studies on north-east Greenland. Part III. Accumulation and ablation on the Fröya glacier; its regime in 1938–39 and 1939–40, Geogr. Ann., 24(1–2), 1–50, 1942. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Ahlmann, H. W.: Scientific investigations in the Kebnekajse Massif, northern Sweden. I. General outline of the investigations in 1946–51, Geogr. Ann., 24(1–2), 90–94, 1951. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Aellen, M.: Glacier mass balance studies in the Swiss Alps, Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol., 31(1–2), 159–168, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Albrecht, O., Jansson, P., and Blatter, H.: Modelling glacier response to measured mass balance forcing, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 91–96, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Andreassen, L. M.: Comparing traditional mass balance measurements with long-term volume change extracted from topographic maps: a case study of Storbreen glacier in Jotunheimen, Norway, for the period 1940–1997, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 467–476, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Bader, H.: Sorge&apos;s law of densification of snow on high polar glaciers, J. Glaciol., 2(15), 319–323, 1954. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Braithwaite, R. J.: Positive degree-day factors for ablation on the Greenland ice sheet studied by energy-balance modeling, J. Glaciol., 41(137), 153–160, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Cogley, J. G. and Adams, W. P.: Mass balance of glaciers other than the ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 44(147), 315–325, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Conway, H., Rasmussen, L. A., and Marshall, H.-P.: Annual mass balance of Blue Glacier, USA: 1955–97, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 509–520, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Cox, L. H. and March, R. S.: Comparison of geodetic and glaciological mass balance techniques, Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, USA, J. Glaciol., 50(170), 363–370, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Deutch, C. and Journel, A.: GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and User&apos;s Guide, Oxford University Press, New York, 369, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Dyurgerov, M. B. and Meier, M. F.: Glaciers and the changing Earth system: a 2004 snapshot, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) Occasional Paper, Boulder, 58, 117~pp., 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Elsberg, D. H., Harrison, W. D., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Krimmel, R. M.: Quantifying the effects of climate and surface change on glacier mass balance, J. Glaciol., 47(159), 649–658, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Fountain, A. G., Jansson, P., Kaser, G., and Dyurgerov, M.: Summary of the workshop on methods of mass balance measurements and modelling, Tarfala, Sweden, 10–12 August, 1998, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 461–465, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Geist, T. and Stötter, J.: Documentation of glacier surface elevation change with multi-temporal airborne laser scanner data – case study: Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner, Tyrol, Austria, Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol., 41, 77–106, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text">Grudd, H. and Schneider, T.: Air temperature at Tarfala Research Station 1946–1995, Geogr. Ann., 78, 115–120, online available at: http://www.ink.su.se/pub/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=6787&amp;a=23702 (last access: 2009), 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Haeberli, W.: Historical evolution and operational aspects of worldwide glacier monitoring, in: Into the Second Century of World Glacier Monitoring – Prospects and Strategies, edited by: Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., and Suter, S., UNESCO publishing, Paris, 35–51, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Haefeli, R.: The ablation gradient and the retreat of a glacier tongue, Union Géodésique et Géophysique Internationale, Association Internationale d&apos;Hydrologie Scientifique. Commissions des Neiges et Glaces, Colloque d&apos;Obergurgle, 49–59, 1962. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Hagg, W. J., Braun, L. N., Uvarov, V. N., and Makarevich, K. G.: A comparison of three methods of mass balance determination in the Tuyuksu glacier region, Tien Shan, Central Asia, J. Glaciol., 50(171), 505–510, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Hagen, J. O., Melvold, K., Eiken, T., Isaksson, E., and Lefauconnier, B.: Mass balance methods on Kongsvegen, Svalbard. Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 593–601, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Haug, T., Rolstad, C., Elvehøy, H., Jackson, M., and Maalen-Johansen, I.: Geodetic mass balance of the western Svartisen ice cap, Norway, in the periods 1968–1985 and 1985–2002, Ann. Glaciol., 50(50), 119–125, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Hock, R.: Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas, J. Hydrol., 282, 104–115, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Hock, R. and Jensen, H.: Application of kriging interpolation for glacier mass balance computations, Geogr. Ann., 81A, 611–619, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Hoinkes, H.: Methoden und Möglichkeiten von Massenhaushaltsstudien auf Gletschern: Ergebnisse der Messreihe Hintereisferner (Ötztaler Alpen) 1953–1968, Z. Gletscherkd. Glazialgeol., 6(1–2), 37–90, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Holmlund, P.: Mass balance of Storglaciären during the 20th century, Geogr. Ann., 69A(3–4), 439–447, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Holmlund, P.: Maps of Storglaciären and their use in glacier monitoring studies, Geogr. Ann. 78A(2–3), 193–196, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Holmlund, P., Karlén, W., and Grudd, H.: Fifty years of mass balance and glacier front observations at the Tarfala Research Station, Geogr. Ann., 78A(2–3), 105–114, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Holmlund, P. and Jansson, P.: The Tarfala mass balance programme, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 621–631, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Holmlund, P., Jansson, P., and Pettersson, R.: A re-analysis of the 58 year mass balance record of Storglaciären, Sweden, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 389–394, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Hooke, L. R., Calla, P., Holmlund, P., Nilsson, M., and Stroeven, A.: A 3 year record of seasonal variation in surface velocity, Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 35(120), 235–247, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Huss, M., Bauder, A., Funk, M., and Hock, R.: Determination of the seasonal mass balance of four Alpine glaciers since 1865, J. Geophys. Res., 113(F1), F01015, doi:10.1029/2007JF000803, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Huss, M., Bauder, A., and Funk, M.: Homogenization of long-term mass balance time series, Ann. Glaciol., 50(50), 198–206, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Jansson, P.: Effect of uncertainties in measured variables on the calculated mass balance of Storglaciären, Geogr. Ann., 81A, 633–642, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Jansson, P. and Pettersson, R.: Spatial and temporal characteristics of a long vmass balance record, Storglaciären, Sweden, Arct., Ant. Alp. Res., 39(3), 432–437, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Karlén, W. and Holmlund, P.: Tarfala Research Station, 50 years of activity, Geogr. Ann., 78A(1–2), p 101, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Kaser, G., Cogley, J. G., Dyurgerov, M. B., Meier, M. F., and Ohmura, A.: Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: consensus estimates for 1961–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(19), L19501, doi:10.1029/2006GL027511, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Kasser, P., Aellen, M., und Siegenthaler, H.: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1977/78 und 1978/79. 99. und 100. Bericht, Jahrbuch der GK/SNG, 288~pp., 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Koblet, T., Gärtner-Roer, I., Zemp, M., Jansson, P., Thee, P., Haeberli, W., and Homlund, P.: Determination of length, area, and volume changes at Storglaciären, Sweden, from multi-temporal aerial images (1959–1999), The Cryosphere Discuss., 4, 347–379, 2010.  </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Krimmel, R. M.: Analysis of difference between direct and geodetic mass balance measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 653–658, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Kuhn, M., Dreiseitl, E., Hofinger, S., Markl, G., Span, N., and Kaser, G.: Measurements and models of the mass balance of Hintereisferner, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 659–670, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Meier, M. F.: Glaciers of the Gannett Peak-Fremont Peak Area, Wyoming, M.Sc. thesis, State University of Iowa, USA, 159~pp., 1951. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Meeus, J.: Astronomical algorithms, 2nd edition, Willmann-Bell, Richmond, 477~pp., 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Mercanton, P. L. (ed.): Vermessungen am Rhonegletscher/Mensuration au glacier du Rhône: 1874–1915, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges., 52, 1916. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Miller, M. M. and Pelto, M. S.: Mass balance measurements on the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska 1953–1998, Geogr. Ann., 81A(4), 671–681, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Müller, H. und Kappenberger, G.: Claridenfirn – Messungen 1914–1984, Züricher Geogr. Schr., 40, 79~pp., 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Östling, M. and Hooke, R. LeB.: Water storage in Storglaciären, Kebnekaise, Sweden, Geogr. Ann., 68A(4), 279–290, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Østrem, G. and Brugman, M.: Glacier mass balance measurements. A manual for field and office work, Saskatoon, Sask., Environment Canada, National Hydrology Research Institute, NHRI Science Report, 4, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Østrem, G. and Haakensen, G.: Map comparison or traditional mass-balance measurements: which method is better?, Geogr. Ann., 81A, 703–711, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, 3rd edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 480~pp., 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Pelto, M. S. and Miller, M. M.: Mass balance of the Taku Glacier, Alaska from 1946 to 1986, Northwest Science, 64(3), 121–130, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Pettersson, R., Jansson, P., and Blatter, H.: Spatial variability in water content at the cold-temperate transition surface of the polythermal Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Geophys. Res., 109, F02009, doi:10.1029/2003JF000110, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Pettersson, R., Jansson, P., and Holmlund, P.: Cold surface layer thinning on Storglaciären, Sweden, observed by repeat ground penetrating radar surveys, J. Geophys. Res., 108, F16004, doi:10.1029/2003JF000024, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Schneider, T. and Jansson, P.: Internal accumulation in firn and its significance for the mass balance of Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Glaciol., 50(168), 25–34, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Schytt, V.: Glaciologiska arbete i Kebnekaise, Ymer, 67(1), 18–42, 1947. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Schytt, V.: Re-freezing melt-water on the surface glacier ice, Geogr. Ann., 31, 222–227, 1949. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Sorge, E.: Glaziologische Untersuchungen in Eismitte, in: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Groenland-Expedition Alfred Wegener 1929 und 1930/31, Leipzig, F A Brockhaus, 3, 270~pp., 1935. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Thibert, E., Blanc, R., Vincent, C., and Eckert, N.: Glaciological and volumetric mass balance measurements: error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps, J. Glaciol., 54 186), 522–532, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Trabant, D. C. and Mayo, L. R.: Estimation and effects of internal accumulation on five glaciers in Alaska, Ann. Glaciol., 6, 113–117, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Wallén, C. C.: Glacial-meteorological investigations on the K&amp;aring;rsa Glacier in Swedish Lappland, Geogr. Ann., 30(3–4), 451–672, 1948. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> WGMS: Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures, edited by: Zemp, M., Roer, I., Kääb, A., Hoelzle, M., Paul, F., and Haeberli, W., UNEP, World Glacier Monitoring Service, Zurich, Switzerland, 88~pp., 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Zemp, M., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W.: Six decades of glacier mass balance observations - a review of the worldwide monitoring network, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 101–111, 2009. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

