<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/inc/tcd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>The Cryosphere Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1994-0432</issn>
		<eissn>1994-0440</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2012</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/tcd-6-171-2012</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/6/171/2012/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/6/171/2012/tcd-6-171-2012.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/6/171/2012/tcd-6-171-2012.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>171</start_page>
	<end_page>210</end_page>
	<publication_date>2012-01-19</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Statistical adaptation of ALADIN RCM outputs over the French alpine massifs &amp;ndash; application to future climate and snow cover</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Rousselot</name>
			<email>marie.rousselot@gmail.com</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>Y. Durand</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>G. Giraud</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>L. Mérindol</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>I. Dombrowski-Etchevers</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Déqué</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Météo-France/CNRS, CNRM-GAME URA 1357, France</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">In this study, snowpack scenarios are modelled across the French Alps
      using dynamically downscaled variables from the ALADIN Regional
      Climate Model (RCM) for the control period (1961–1990) and three
      emission scenarios (SRES B1, A1B and A2) by the mid- and late of the
      21st century (2021–2050 and 2071–2100). These variables are
      statistically adapted to the different elevations, aspects and slopes
      of the alpine massifs. For this purpose, we use a simple analogue
      criterion with ERA40 series as well as an existing detailed
      climatology of the French Alps (Durand et al., 2009a) that provides
      complete meteorological fields from the SAFRAN analysis model. The
      resulting scenarios of precipitation, temperature, wind, cloudiness,
      longwave and shortwave radiation, and humidity are used to run the
      physical snow model CROCUS and simulate snowpack evolution over the
      massifs studied. The seasonal and regional characteristics of the
      simulated climate and snow cover changes are explored, as is the
      influence of the scenarios on these changes. Preliminary results
      suggest that the Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) of the snowpack will
      decrease dramatically in the next century, especially in the Southern
      and Extreme Southern part of the Alps. This decrease seems to result
      primarily from a general warming throughout the year, and possibly
      a deficit of precipitation in the autumn. The magnitude of the snow
      cover decline follows a marked altitudinal gradient, with the highest
      altitudes being less exposed to climate change. Scenario A2, with its
      high concentrations of greenhouse gases, results in a SWE reduction
      roughly twice as large as in the low-emission scenario B1 by the end
      of the century. This study needs to be completed using simulations
      from other RCMs, since a multi-model approach is essential for
      uncertainty analysis.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Acquaotta,~F., Fratianni,~S., Cassardo,~C., and Cremonini,~R.: On the continuity and climatic variability of the meteorological stations in Torino, Asti, Vercelli and Oropa, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 103, 279–287, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Alpert,~P., Krichak,~S O., Shafir,~H., Haim,~D., and Osetinsky,~I.: Climatic trends to extremes employing regional modeling and statistical interpretation over the~E. Mediterranean, Global Planet. Change, 63(2–3), 163–170, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.03.003doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.03.003, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Beniston,~M.: Climatic change in mountain regions: a~review of possible impacts, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 74(1–2), 19–31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-002-0709-1doi:10.1007/s00704-002-0709-1, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Beniston,~M., Keller,~F., and Goyette,~S.: Snow pack in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions: an empirical approach for climate impacts studies, Climatic Change, 59, 5–31, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Boé,~J., Terray,~L., Habets,~F., and Martin,~E.: Statistical and dynamical downscaling of the Seine basin climate for hydro-meteorological Fstudies, Int. J. Climatol., 27(12), 1643–1655, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1602doi:10.1002/joc.1602, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Boé,~J., Terray,~L., Martin,~E., and Habets,~F.: Projected changes in components of the hydrological cycle in French river basins during the 21st century, Water Resour. Res., 45, W08452, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007437doi:10.1029/2008WR007437, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Brun,~E., Martin,~E., Simon,~V., Gendre,~C., and Coléou,~C.: An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 35(121), 333–342, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Brun,~E., David,~P., Sudul,~M., and Brugnot,~G.: A~numerical model to simulate snow cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38(128), 13–22, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Bubnová,~R., Hello,~G., Bénard,~P., and Geleyn,~J F.:Integration of the fully elastic equations cast in the hydrostatic pressure terrain-following coordinate in the framework of ARPEGE/Aladin NWP system, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 515–535, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Christensen,~J H., and Christensen,~O B.: A~summary of the PRUDENCE model projections of changes in European climate by the end of this century, Climatic Change, 81(1), 7–30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9210-7doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9210-7, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Coles,~S.: An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values, 3rd~edn., Springer Series in Statistics, Springer-Verlag, London, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Colin,~J., Déqué,~M., Radu,~R., and Somot,~S.: Sensitivity study of heavy precipitation in Limited Area Model climate simulations: influence of the size of the domain and the use of the spectral nudging technique, Tellus, 62(5), 591–604. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00467.x., 2010.   </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Déqué,~M.: Frequency of precipitation and temperature extremes over France in an anthropogenic scenario: model results and statistical correction according to observed values, Global Planet. Change, 57, 16–26, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Déqué,~M., and Somot,~S.: Added value of high resolution for ALADIN Regional Climate Model, Idöjaras Quat. J. Hungarian Met. Service, 112(3-4), 179-190, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Durand,~Y., Brun,~E., Mérindol,~L., Guyomarc\&apos;h,~G., Lesaffre,~B., and Martin,~E.: A~meteorological estimation of relevant parameters for snow models, Ann. Glaciol., 18, 65–71, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Durand,~Y., Giraud,~G., Brun,~E., Mérindol~L., and Martin,~E.: A~computer-based system simulating snowpack structures as a~tool for regional avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 45(151), 469–484, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Durand,~Y., Laternser,~M., Giraud,~G., Etchevers,~P., Lesaffre,~B., and Mérindol,~L.: Reanalysis of 44~years of climate in the French Alps (1958–2002): methodology, model validation, climatology and trends for air temperature and precipitation, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48(3), 429-449, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1808.1, 2009a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Durand,~Y., Giraud,~G., Laternser,~M., Etchevers,~P., Mérindol,~L., and Lesaffre,~B.: Reanalysis of 47~years of climate in the French Alps (1958–2005): climatology and trends for snow cover, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 48(12), 2487–2512, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC1810.1doi:10.1175/2009JAMC1810.1, 2009b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> ECMWF, ERA-40: ECMWF 45-years reanalysis of the global atmosphere and surface conditions 1957–2002, ECMWF Newsletter, 101 – Summer-Autumn 2004, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, RG29AX, UK, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Farda,~A., Déqué,~M., Somot,~S., Horányi,~A., Spiridonov,~V., and Tóth,~H.: Model Aladin as regional climate model for Central and Eastern Europe, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 54, 313–332, 2010. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Frei,~C. and Schär,~C.: A~precipitation climatology of the Alps from high-resolution rain-gauge observations, Int. J. Climatol., 18(8), 873–900, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc255doi:10.1002/joc255, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Frey-Buness,~F., Heimann,~D., and Sausen,~R.: A~statistical-dynamical downscaling procedure for global climate simulations, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 50(3–4), 117–131, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Gibelin,~A L. and Déqué,~M.: Anthropogenic climate change over the Mediterranean region simulated by a~global variable resolution model, Clim. Dynam., 20, 327–339, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Hagemann,~S., Machenhauer,~B., Jones,~R., Christensen,~O B., Déqué,~M., Jacob,~D., and Vidale,~P L.: Evaluation of water and energy budgets in regional climate models applied over Europe, Clim. Dynam., 23, 547–567, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Haylock,~M R., Hofstra,~N., Klein Tank,~A M G., Klok,~E J., Jones,~P D., and New,~M.: A~European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20119, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010201doi:10.1029/2008JD010201, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Hantel,~M., Ehrendorfer,~M., and Haslinger,~A.: Climate sensitivity of snow cover duration in Austria, Int. J. Climatol., 20(6), 615–640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc489doi:10.1002/joc489, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Hewitt,~C D. and Griggs,~D J.: Ensembles-based predictions of climate changes and their impacts, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 85, 566, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Hohenegger,~C., Brockhaus,~P., and Schär,~C.: Towards climate simulations at cloud-resolving scales, Meteorol. Z., 17(4), 383–394, http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0303doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0303, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon,~S., Qin,~D., Manning,~M., Chen,~Z., Marquis,~M., Averyt,~K B., Tignor,~M., and Miller~H L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Kallache,~M., Vrac,~M., Naveau,~P., and Michelangeli,~P.-A.: Non-stationary probabilistic downscaling of extreme precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05113, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014892doi:10.1029/2010JD014892, 2011. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Kettle,~H. and Thompson,~R.: Statistical downscaling in European mountains: verification of air temperature reconstructions, Climate Res., 26(2), 97–112, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Laternser,~M. and Schneebeli,~M.: Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931–99), Int. J. Climatol., 23(7), 733–750, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.912doi:10.1002/joc.912, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> van der Linden,~P. and Mitchell,~J F B.: ENSEMBLES: Climate Change and its Impacts: Summary of research and results from the ENSEMBLES project, Tech. rep., Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> López-Moreno,~J I., Goyette,~S., and Beniston,~M.: Impact of climate change on snowpack in the Pyrenees: horizontal and spatial variability and vertical gradients, J. Hydrol., 374, 384–396, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.049doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.049, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Mahalanobis,~P C.: On the generalised distance in statistics, P. Natl Instit. Sci. India, 2(1), 49-55, 1936. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Maraun,~D., Wetterhall,~F., Ireson,~A M., Chandler,~R E., Kendon,~E J., Widmann,~M., Brienen,~S., Rust,~H W., Sauter,~R., Theme,~M., Venema,~V K C., Chun,~K P., Goodess,~C M., Jones,~R G., Onof,~C., Vrac,~M., and Thiele-Eich,~I.: Precipitation downscaling under climate change: recent developments to bridge the gap between dynamical models and the end user, Rev. Geophys., 48(3), RG3003, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009RG000314doi:10.1029/2009RG000314, 2010b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Martin,~E. and Etchevers,~P.: Impact of climatic changes on snow cover and snow hydrology in the French Alps, Adv. Glob. Change Res., 23(II), 235–242, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Martin,~E., Brun,~E., and Durand,~Y.: Sensitivity of the French Alps snow cover to the variation of climatic variables, Ann. Geophys., 12, 469–477, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0469-6doi:10.1007/s00585-994-0469-6, 1994. %%ok  </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Martin,~E., Timbal,~B., and Brun,~E.: Downscaling of general circulation model outputs: simulation of the snow climatology of the French Alps and sensitivity to climate change, Clim. Dynam., 13, 45–56, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Radu,~R., Déqué,~M., and Somot,~S.: Spectral nudging in a~spectral regional climate model, Tellus A, 60, 885–897, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Schmidli,~J., Goodess,~C M., Frei,~C., Haylock,~M R., Hundecha,~Y., Ribalaygua,~J., and Schmith,~T.: Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation: An evaluation and comparison of scenarios for the European Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007026doi:10.1029/2005JD007026, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Schöner,~W., Auer,~I., and Böhm~R.: Climate variability and glacier reaction in the Austrian Eastern Alps, Ann. Glaciol., 31(1), 31–38, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Terray,~L., Demory,~M E., Déqué,~M., de Coetlogon,~G., and Maisonnave,~E.: Simulation of late twenty-first century changes in wintertime atmospheric circulation over Europe due to anthropogenic causes, J. Climate, 17, 4630–4635, 2004.  </reference>
	</references>
</article>

